How do transposons affect gene expression?

Transposons, often referred to as "jumping genes," play a significant role in genetic variation and genome evolution. The correct answer highlights their ability to move within the genome, which can potentially disrupt or alter the genes they invade. When a transposon inserts itself into or near a gene, it can interfere with the gene's normal expression and function, leading to mutations or changes in expression levels.

The movement of transposons can result in various outcomes depending on their insertion site. If they land within the coding sequence of a gene, they can disrupt the gene's function entirely. Alternatively, if they insert near regulatory elements or other genes, they may alter the expression levels of those genes, either enhancing or repressing their activity.

This mobility contributes to genetic diversity and evolution, as the insertion or deletion of genetic material can generate new alleles and phenotypes. Transposons are essential players in molecular biology and genetics, providing insight into the mechanisms of gene regulation and genomic architecture.