What distinguishes proteins from nucleic acids?

The distinction between proteins and nucleic acids is fundamentally based on their building blocks and structural composition. Proteins are indeed composed of amino acids, which are linked together by peptide bonds to form polypeptides. This unique composition gives proteins a diverse range of structures and functions, including catalysis, structural roles, transport, and signaling. In contrast, nucleic acids—such as DNA and RNA—are made up of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. This structural difference is crucial because it leads to the different roles each macromolecule plays in biological systems.

Understanding that proteins and nucleic acids have different monomeric units allows for a clearer comprehension of their functions and interactions within cells. The roles of proteins extend beyond just enzymes or structural components to include important regulatory functions, while nucleic acids are primarily involved in the storage and transmission of genetic information.